|
Function Overloading & Default Arguments |
|
|
|
Page 1 of 5 Function Overloading & Default Arguments One of the important features in any programming language is the convenient use of names. When you create an object (a variable), you give a name to a region of storage. A function is a name for an action. By making up names to describe the system at hand, you create a program that is easier for people to understand and change. It’s a lot like writing prose – the goal is to communicate with your readers. A problem arises when mapping the concept of nuance in human language onto a programming language. Often, the same word expresses a number of different meanings, depending on context. That is, a single word has multiple meanings – it’s overloaded. This is very useful, especially when it comes to trivial differences. You say “wash the shirt, wash the car.” It would be silly to be forced to say, “shirt_wash the shirt, car_wash the car” just so the listener doesn’t have to make any distinction about the action performed. Human languages have built-in redundancy, so even if you miss a few words, you can still determine the meaning. We don’t need unique identifiers – we can deduce meaning from context.
Most programming languages, however, require that you have a unique identifier for each function. If you have three different types of data that you want to print: int, char, and float, you generally have to create three different function names, for example, print_int( ), print_char( ), and print_float( ). This loads extra work on you as you write the program, and on readers as they try to understand it. In C++, another factor forces the overloading of function names: the constructor. Because the constructor’s name is predetermined by the name of the class, it would seem that there can be only one constructor. But what if you want to create an object in more than one way? For example, suppose you build a class that can initialize itself in a standard way and also by reading information from a file. You need two constructors, one that takes no arguments (the default constructor) and one that takes a string as an argument, which is the name of the file to initialize the object. Both are constructors, so they must have the same name: the name of the class. Thus, function overloading is essential to allow the same function name – the constructor in this case – to be used with different argument types. Although function overloading is a must for constructors, it’s a general convenience and can be used with any function, not just class member functions. In addition, function overloading means that if you have two libraries that contain functions of the same name, they won’t conflict as long as the argument lists are different. We’ll look at all these factors in detail throughout this chapter. The theme of this chapter is convenient use of function names. Function overloading allows you to use the same name for different functions, but there’s a second way to make calling a function more convenient. What if you’d like to call the same function in different ways? When functions have long argument lists, it can become tedious to write (and confusing to read) the function calls when most of the arguments are the same for all the calls. A commonly used feature in C++ is called default arguments. A default argument is one the compiler inserts if it isn’t specified in the function call. Thus, the calls f(“hello”), f(“hi”, 1), and f(“howdy”, 2, ‘c’) can all be calls to the same function. They could also be calls to three overloaded functions, but when the argument lists are this similar, you’ll usually want similar behavior, which calls for a single function. Function overloading and default arguments really aren’t very complicated. By the time you reach the end of this chapter, you’ll understand when to use them and the underlying mechanisms that implement them during compiling and linking. More name decoration In Chapter 4, the concept of name decoration was introduced. In the code void f();
class X { void f(); };
the function f( ) inside the scope of class X does not clash with the global version of f( ). The compiler performs this scoping by manufacturing different internal names for the global version of f( ) and X::f( ). In Chapter 4, it was suggested that the names are simply the class name “decorated” together with the function name, so the internal names the compiler uses might be _f and _X_f. However, it turns out that function name decoration involves more than the class name. Here’s why. Suppose you want to overload two function names void print(char);
void print(float);
It doesn’t matter whether they are both inside a class or at the global scope. The compiler can’t generate unique internal identifiers if it uses only the scope of the function names. You’d end up with _print in both cases. The idea of an overloaded function is that you use the same function name, but different argument lists. Thus, for overloading to work the compiler must decorate the function name with the names of the argument types. The functions above, defined at global scope, produce internal names that might look something like _print_char and _print_float. It’s worth noting there is no standard for the way names must be decorated by the compiler, so you will see very different results from one compiler to another. (You can see what it looks like by telling the compiler to generate assembly-language output.) This, of course, causes problems if you want to buy compiled libraries for a particular compiler and linker – but even if name decoration were standardized, there would be other roadblocks because of the way different compilers generate code. That’s really all there is to function overloading: you can use the same function name for different functions as long as the argument lists are different. The compiler decorates the name, the scope, and the argument lists to produce internal names for it and the linker to use. Overloading on return values It’s common to wonder, “Why just scopes and argument lists? Why not return values?” It seems at first that it would make sense to also decorate the return value with the internal function name. Then you could overload on return values, as well: void f();
int f();
This works fine when the compiler can unequivocally determine the meaning from the context, as in int x = f( );. However, in C you’ve always been able to call a function and ignore the return value (that is, you can call the function for its side effects). How can the compiler distinguish which call is meant in this case? Possibly worse is the difficulty the reader has in knowing which function call is meant. Overloading solely on return value is a bit too subtle, and thus isn’t allowed in C++. Type-safe linkage
There is an added benefit to all of this name decoration. A particularly sticky problem in C occurs when the client programmer misdeclares a function, or, worse, a function is called without declaring it first, and the compiler infers the function declaration from the way it is called. Sometimes this function declaration is correct, but when it isn’t, it can be a difficult bug to find. Because all functions must be declared before they are used in C++, the opportunity for this problem to pop up is greatly diminished. The C++ compiler refuses to declare a function automatically for you, so it’s likely that you will include the appropriate header file. However, if for some reason you still manage to misdeclare a function, either by declaring by hand or including the wrong header file (perhaps one that is out of date), the name decoration provides a safety net that is often referred to as type-safe linkage. Consider the following scenario. In one file is the definition for a function: //: C07:Def.cpp {O}
// Function definition
void f(int) {}
///:~
In the second file, the function is misdeclared and then called: //: C07:Use.cpp
//{L} Def
// Function misdeclaration
void f(char);
int main() {
//! f(1); // Causes a linker error
} ///:~
Even though you can see that the function is actually f(int), the compiler doesn’t know this because it was told – through an explicit declaration – that the function is f(char). Thus, the compilation is successful. In C, the linker would also be successful, but not in C++. Because the compiler decorates the names, the definition becomes something like f_int, whereas the use of the function is f_char. When the linker tries to resolve the reference to f_char, it can only find f_int, and it gives you an error message. This is type-safe linkage. Although the problem doesn’t occur all that often, when it does it can be incredibly difficult to find, especially in a large project. This is one of the cases where you can easily find a difficult error in a C program simply by running it through the C++ compiler.
|
|
| |
|
|
Virus Trojans Worms 