BODY ALIGNMENT

           Posture. The degree of orientation between a speaker's torso and that of a listener (e.g., facing or angled away), as measured in the coronal plane (which divides the body into front and back; see ANGULAR DISTANCE).
 

Usage: We show agreement, liking, and loyalty by aligning our upper body with that, e.g., of the boss. It is often possible to identify the most powerful (i.e., the highest status) person seated at a conference table by the greater number of torsos aimed in his or her direction. While the less influential may glance freely about and turn heads toward colleagues as they speak, their torsos remain loyally oriented to the individual they most admire or respect.

World politics. "At summit, when [Ronald] Reagan and [Mikhail] Gorbachev faced each other with similar postures, they were likely to be in agreement, or close to agreement" (Blum 1988:6-6).

RESEARCH REPORTS: 1. Direct torso alignment in the face-to-face body orientation presents a formal, businesslike posture (Scheflen 1964). 2. Aiming the upper body conveys greater feelings of liking (i.e., of immediacy) than when the body is angled away (Mehrabian 1969). 3. Lean-forward suggests friendliness (Mehrabian 1974), while lean-backward expresses a more negative pose (Mehrabian 1969). 4. A non-aligned, parallel orientation discloses neutral or passive moods which may grade into disliking or disagreement (Scheflen 1964, Richmond et al. 1991).

Courtship. Women (and men) unthinkingly "aim" their upper bodies at partners they like--even while angling their faces and eyes away. Squaring-up with the shoulders is a nonverbal invitation to speak.

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